A Review of the Current State of Knowledge on Liometopum apiculatum Mayr, 1870 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v72i4.11894Keywords:
biology, life cycle, interactions, ecology, taxonomy, Geographic distributionAbstract
The velvet tree ant, or Liometopum apiculatum, is one of the seven species within its genus and among the three with the widest distribution across North and Central America. In 1870, Mayr described it based on worker ants; later, all castes were characterized. This species is distinguished by a pointed petiole and dense pubescence on the gaster. It inhabits diverse vegetation types, including oak and pinyon pine forests, as well as desert scrub, at altitudes ranging from 30 to 2,900 meters above sea level. L. apiculatum forms colonies in various substrates, such as rocks, dead tree trunks, and plant bases, exhibiting both monodomous and polydomous nesting structures. Colony sizes range from a few hundred to hundreds of thousands of workers. The species is omnivorous, playing a ecological role in seed dispersal and nutrient cycling. In the central region of Mexico, the larvae of the reproductive caste (escamoles) are considered a delicacy. Due to their high market value, excessive harvesting has led to overexploitation and population declines in some areas. Consequently, recent studies have primarily focused on its nutritional properties, use, and consumption. However, knowledge gaps persist regarding their distribution, ecology, interspecific interactions, intraspecific variation (morphological and genetic), nesting methods, colony establishment, and foraging strategies. This study updates and integrates available information to advance current understanding of L. apiculatum biology, given that the most recent compilation of its biology, ecology, and behavior is eleven years old. Likewise, this research provides valuable information to support and guide future conservation efforts for this species.
Downloads
References
Adams, A.S., Aylward, F.O., Adams, S.M., Erbilgin, N., Aukema, B.H., Currie, C.R., Suen, G. & Raffa, K.F. (2013). Mountain pine beetles colonizing historical and naïve host trees are associated with a bacterial community highly enriched in genes contributing to terpene metabolism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79: 3468-3475.
Audisio, M.C., Torres, M.J., Sabaté, D.C., Ibarguren, C. & Apella, M.C. (2011). Properties of different lactic acid bacteria isolated from Apis mellifera L. bee-gut. Microbiological Research, 166: 1-13.
AntWeb (2024). Antweb statistics (current statistics). https://www.antweb.org/statsPage.do. (accessed date: 29 Nov. 2024).
Ariza, J. & Rosales, M.F.E. (2021). Nutrient and oil profile of escamol and edible larva of ants (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr). Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society, 9: 1-19.
Astruc, C., Julien, J.F., Errard, C. & Lenoir, A. (2004). Phylogeny of ants (Formicidae) based on morphology and DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31: 880-893.
Aylward, F.O., McDonald, B.R., Adams, S.M., Valenzuela, A., Schmidt, R.A., Goodwin, L.A., Woyke, T., Currie, C.R., Suen, G. & Poulsen, M. (2013). Comparison of 26 sphingomonad genomes reveals diverse environmental adaptations and biodegradative capabilities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79: 3724-3733.
Berumen Jiménez, M., Valdez Cepeda, R.D., Méndez Gallegos, S. de J., Cadena Íñiguez, J., Esparza Orozco, A. & Tarango Arámbula, L.A. (2021). Determinación del estado de conservación de la hormiga “escamolera” (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr) en México por el método de evaluación de riesgo-MER. Agrociencia, 55: 539-555.
Berumen-Jiménez, M. (2018). Evaluación de riesgo de extinción de Liometopum apiculatum Mayr, y descripción de las etapas de recolección, limpieza-lavado-drenado y almacenamiento de sus larvas. Master Thesis, COLPOS.
Blüthgen, N., Mezger, D. & Linsenmair, K.E. (2006). Ant-hemipteran trophobioses in a Bornean rainforest – diversity, specificity and monopolization. Insectes Sociaux, 53: 194-203.
Bos, N. & d’Ettorre, P. (2012). Recognition of social identity in ants. Frontiers in Psychology, 3: 83.
Boudinot, B.E., Borowiec, M.L. & Prebus, M.M. (2022). Phylogeny, evolution, and classification of the ant genus Lasius, the tribe Lasiini and the subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology, 47: 113-151.
Brady, S.G., Schultz, T.R., Fisher, B.L. & Ward, P.S. (2006). Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103: 18172-18177.
Chapman, R.E. & Bourke, A.F.G. (2001). The influence of sociality on the conservation biology of social insects. Ecology Letters, 4: 650-662.
Chávez-Samayoa, F., Escoto-Moreno, J.A. & Sigala-Rodríguez, J.J. (2021). Interactions between Centruroides infamatus C.L. Koch, 1944 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) and Liometopum apiculatum Mayr, 1870 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Stenomorpha sp. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Scolopendra viridis Say, 1821 (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) in Calvillo, Aguas-calientes, Mexico. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 97: 139-143.
Chiotis, M., Jermiin, L.S. & Crozier, R.H. (2000). A molecular framework for the phylogeny of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17: 108-116.
Coleman-Derr, D., Desgarennes, D., Fonseca-Garcia, C., Gross, S., Clingenpeel, S., Woyke, T., North, G., Visel, A., Partida-Martinez, L.P. & Tringe, S.G. (2016). Plant compartment and biogeography affect microbiome composition in cultivated and native Agave species. New Phytologist, 209: 798-811.
Conconi, J.R.-E.D., Darchen, B.D., Aguilar, J.I.C., Miranda, N.G. & Moreno, J.M.P. (1983a). Ciclo de vida y fundación de las sociedades de Liometopum apiculatum M. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología, 54: 161-176.
Conconi, J.R.E., MacGregor Loaeza, R., Cuadriello Aguilar, J. & Sampedro Rosas, G. (1983b). Quelques données sur la biologie des fourmis Liometopum (Dolichoderinae) du Mexique et en particulier sur leurs rapports avec les homoptères. In P. Jaisson (Ed.), Social Insects in the Tropics (Vol. 2, pp. 125-130). Paris: Université Paris-Nord.
Conconi, J.R.-E., Delage-Darchen, B., Miranda, N.E.G. & Moreno, J.M.P. (1987). Observaciones bioecológicas de Liometopum apiculatum M. y Liometopum occidentale var. luctuosum W. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología, 58: 341-354.
Cruz-Labana, J.D., Tarango-Arámbula, L.A., Alcántara-Carbajal, J.L., Pimentel-López, J., Ugalde-Lezama, S., Ramírez-Valverde, G. & Méndez-Gallegos, S.J. (2014). Habitat use by the “escamolera” ant (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr) in central Mexico. Agrociencia, 48: 569-582.
Cruz-Labana, J., Vallejo-Pérez, M., Flores-Ramírez, R. & Tarango-Arámbula, L. (2023). Semioquímicos asociados al seguimiento de rastros de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): una revisión sistemática. Abanico Veterinario, 13: e2022-58.
Cruz-Labana, J.D., Tarango-Arámbula, L.A., Alcántara-Carbajal, J.L., Delgado-Alvarado, A., Crosby-Galván, M. & Ruiz-Vera, V.M. (2024). Physical and chemical variables of the soil of nests of Liometopum apiculatum Mayr in north-central Mexico. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 27: 102214.
Cuadriello, A.J.I. (1980). Consideraciones biológicas y económicas acerca de los escamoles (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Bachelor’s thesis). Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, DF.
Danoff-Burg, J.A. (1994). Evolving under myrmecophily: A cladistic revision of the symphilic beetle tribe Sceptobiini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Systematic Entomology, 19: 25-45.
Danoff-Burg, J.A. (2002). Evolutionary lability and phylogenetic utility of behavior in a group of ant-guest Staphylinidae beetles. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 95: 143-155.
Dáttilo, W., Vásquez-Bolaños, M., Ahuatzin, D.A., Antoniazzi, R., Chávez-González, E., Corro, E., Luna, P., Guevara, R., Villalobos, F., Madrigal-Chavero, R., Falcão, J.C.F., Bonilla-Ramírez, A., Romero, A.R.G., de la Mora, A., Ramírez-Hernández, A., Escalante-Jiménez, A.L., Martínez-Falcón, A.P., Villarreal, A.I., Sandoval, A.G.C. … MacGregor-Fors, I. (2020). Mexico ants: incidence and abundance along the Nearctic–Neotropical interface. Ecology, 101: e02944.
Del Toro, I., Pacheco, J. & Mackay, W. (2009). Revision of the ant genus Liometopum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 53: 299-370.
Del Toro, I., Ribbons, R.R. & Pelini, S.L. (2012). The little things that run the world revisited: a review of ant-mediated ecosystem services and disservices (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 17: 133-146.
Delabie, J.H.C. (2001). Trophobiosis between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an overview. Neotropical Entomology, 30: 501-516.
Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1997). A phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of the stridulatory apparatus in true crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea). Cladistics, 13: 101-108.
Dubovikoff D.A., Coronado-Blanco J., Treviño-Carreón J., Ruíz-Cancino E. (2012). Distribución y características de anidación de la hormiga Liometopum apiculatum Mayr, 1870 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en la Sierra Madre Oriental, Tamaulipas, México. In: 24° Encuentro Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica del Golfo de México, Tampico, México, 48-52.
Dubovikoff, D.A. & Terekhova, A.V. (2015). The genus Liometopum in Eurasia: past and present distribution. http://repository.kln.ac.lk/handle/123456789/10135 (accessed date: 1 November 2023).
Eelen, D., Børgesen, L. & Billen, J. (2006). Functional morphology of the postpharyngeal gland of queens and workers of the ant Monomorium pharaonis (L.). Acta Zoologica, 87: 101-111.
Ellis, S., Procter, D.S., Buckham-Bonnett, P. & Robinson, E.J.H. (2017). Inferring polydomy: a review of functional, spatial and genetic methods for identifying colony boundaries. Insectes Sociaux, 64: 19-37.
Engel, P., Martinson, V.G. & Moran, N.A. (2012). Functional diversity within the simple gut microbiota of the honey bee. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109: 11002-11007.
Fernández, F. (Ed.) (2003). Introducción a las hormigas de la región neotropical. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.
García, E. (1998). Climas (clasificación de Köppen, modificado por García). Escala 1: 1000000. México: Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO).
Gaudard, C.A., Robertson, M.P. & Bishop, T.R. (2019). Low levels of intraspecific trait variation in a keystone invertebrate group. Oecologia, 190: 725-735.
González-Escobar, J.L., Grajales-Lagunes, A., Smoliński, A., Chagolla-López, A., De Léon-Rodríguez, A. & Barba de la Rosa, A.P. (2018). Microbiota of edible Liometopum apiculatum ant larvae reveals potential functions related to their nutritional value. Food Research International, 109: 497-505.
González-Escobar, J.L., Pereyra-Camacho, M.A., De Léon-Rodríguez, A., Grajales-Lagunes, A., Reyes-Agüero, A., Chagolla-López, A. & de la Rosa, A.P.B. (2020). Biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds and phthalates by culturable bacteria isolated from Liometopum apiculatum microbiota. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 36: 73.
Gordon, D.M. (2021). Movement, encounter rate, and collective behavior in ant colonies. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 114: 541-546.
Gregg, R.E. (1963). The ants of Colorado: With reference to their ecology, taxonomy, and geographic distribution. University of Colorado Press.
Guénard, B.S., Weiser, M.D., Gomez, K., Narula, N. & Economo, E.P. (2017). The Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics (GABI) database: synthesizing data on the geographic distribution of ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 24: 83-89.
Gulmahamad, A. (1995). The genus Liometopum Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in California, with notes on nest architecture and structural importance. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 71: 82-86.
Hernández-Roldán, E., Tarango-Arámbula, L.A., Flores-Ramírez, R., Pimentel-López, J. & Serna-Lagunes, R. (2024). Volatile organic compounds in the habitat of the escamolera ant (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr) in Zacatecas, Mexico. Agro Productividad, 17: 211-224.
Higgins, R.J. & Lindgren, B.S. (2010). Ants of British Columbia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). http://faculty.tru.ca/rhiggins/bcformicidae10june2010.pdf (accessed date: 4 October 2023).
Hipólito-Cruz, G., Reyes-López, J., Cadena-Iñiguez, J. & Morales-Flores, F.J. (2020). Variabilidad genética de Liometopum apiculatum Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) como una medida de conservación en México. Agro Productividad, 13.
Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. (1990). The Ants. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 732 p
Hölldobler, B., Morgan, E.D., Oldham, N.J., Liebig, J. & Liu, Y. (2004). Dufour gland secretion in the harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex. Chemoecology, 14: 101-106.
Hoey-Chamberlain, R., Rust, M. & Klotz, J. (2013). A review of the biology, ecology and behavior of velvety tree ants of North America. Sociobiology, 60: 1-10.
Ibarra-Isassi, J., Handa, I.T. & Lessard, J.-P. (2023). Community-wide trait adaptation, but not plasticity, explains ant community structure in extreme environments. Functional Ecology, 37: 139-149.
INIFAP & CONABIO (1995). Edafología [cartographic data] (Escalas 1:250 000 and 1:1 000 000) [GIS data]. CONABIO.
Kautz, S., Rubin, B.E.R., Russell, J.A. & Moreau, C.S. (2013). Surveying the microbiome of ants: Comparing 454 pyrosequencing with traditional methods to uncover bacterial diversity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79: 525-534.
Klotz, J.H., Mangold, J.R., Vail, K.M., Davis, L.R. & Patterson, R.S. (1995). A survey of the urban pest ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of peninsular Florida. The Florida Entomologist, 78:109-118.
Köppen, W. (1936). Das geographische system der klimate. In W. Köppen & R. Geiger (Eds.), Handbuch der klimatologie (pp. 1-46). Berlin, Germany: Gebrueder Borntraeger.
Lach, L., Parr, C.L. & Abbott, K.L. (2010). Ant ecology. Oxford University Press.
Ladrón de Guevara, O., Padilla, P., García, L., Pino, J.M. & Ramos-Elorduy, J. (1995). Amino acid determination in some edible Mexican insects. Amino Acids, 9: 161-173.
Lammers, A., Zweers, H., Sandfeld, T., Bilde, T., Garbeva, P., Schramm, A. & Lalk, M. (2021). Antimicrobial compounds in the volatilome of social spider communities. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12: 700693.
Lanan, M. (2014). Spatiotemporal resource distribution and foraging strategies of ants (Hym.: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 20: 53-64.
Lara-Juárez, P., Aguirre-Rivera, J.R., Castillo-Lara, P. & Reyes-Agüero, J.A. (2015). Biología y aprovechamiento de la hormiga de escamoles, Liometopum apiculatum Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Zoológica Mexicana, 31: 251-264.
Löfqvist, J. & Bergström, G. (1980). Volatile communication substances in Dufour’s gland of virgin females and old queens of the ant Formica polyctena. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 6: 309-320.
Mackay, W.P. & Mackay, E. (2002). The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Edwin Mellen Press.
Mann, W.M. (1914). Some myrmecophilous insects from Mexico. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 21: 69-251.
Melo-Ruiz, V., Quirino-Barreda, T., Calvo-Carrillo, C., Sánchez-Herrera, K. & Sandoval-Trujillo, H. (2013). Assessment of nutrients of escamoles ant eggs Liometopum apiculatum M. by spectroscopy methods. Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 7: 1181-1187.
Melo-Ruiz, V., Quirno-Barreda, T., Díaz-Garcí, R. & Gazga-Urioste, C. (2016). Consumption of escamoles (Liometopum apiculatum M.): A source of vitamins A and E. Journal of Applied Life Science International, 1: 1-7.
Miller, T.E.X. (2007). Does having multiple partners weaken the benefits of facultative mutualism? A test with cacti and cactus-tending ants. Oikos, 116: 500-512.
Miranda-Román, G., Quintero-Salazar, B., Ramos-Rostro, B. & Olguín-Arredondo, H.A. (2011). La recolección de insectos con fines alimenticios en la zona turística de Otumba y Teotihuacán, Estado de México. Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 9: 81-92.
Naumann, K., Preston, W.B. & Ayre, G.L. (1999). An annotated checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 96: 29-68.
Parker, J. & Kronauer, D.J.C. (2021). How ants shape bio-diversity. Current Biology, 31: R1208-R1214.
Parr, C.L. & Bishop, T.R. (2022). The response of ants to climate change. Global Change Biology, 28: 3188-3205.
Paterson, G.E.F. & Adams, R.M.M. (2022). On the biological diversity of ant alkaloids. Annual Review of Entomology, 67: 367-385.
Petráková, L., Tóthová, A. & Schlaghamerský, J. (2017). Phylogeography of the rare velvety tree ant Liometopum microcephalum (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). Journal of Biogeography, 44: 1652-1664.
Rafael-Valdez, J., Tarango-Arámbula, L., Lezama, S., Lozano-Cavazos, E.A., Ruíz-Vera, V.M. & Bravo, A. (2017). Foraging and nesting substrates of the escamolera ant (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr, Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Villa González Ortega, Zacatecas, Mexico. Agrociencia, 51: 755-769.
Rafael-Valdez, J., Tarango-Arámbula, L.A., Ugalde-Lezama, S., Cruz-Labana, J.D., Clemente-Sánchez, F. & Cadena-Iñiguez, J. (2019). Amplitud forrajera de la hormiga escamolera (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr, Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en una zona semiárida del altiplano zacatecano. Revista Chapingo Serie Zonas Áridas, 18: 1-10.
Ramírez-García, G.L., Ruiz-Cabrera, M.A., Abud-Archila, M. & Grajales-Lagunes, A. (2022). Use of hurdle technology to extend the shelf life of escamoles (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr). International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 57: 6298-6305.
Ramos-Elorduy, J., Delage-Darchen, B., Galindo-Miranda, N.E. & Pino-Moreno, J.M. (1988). Observaciones bioecológicas de Liometopum apiculatum M. y Liometopum occidentale var. luctuosum W. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoología, 58: 1-15.
Ramos-Elorduy, J. & Levieux, J. (1992). Liometopum apiculatum Mayr and Liometopum occidentale Wheeler foraging areas studied with radioisotope markers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Dolichoderinae). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 117: 21-30.
Ramos-Elorduy, J., Pino, J.M. & Conconi, M. (2006). Ausencia de una reglamentación y normalización de la explotación y comercialización de insectos comestibles en México. Folia Entomológica Mexicana, 45: 291-318.
Ramos-Rostro, B., Quintero-Salazar, B., Ramos-Elorduy-Blázquez, J., Pino-Moreno, J.M., Ángeles-Campos, S.C., García-Pérez, Á. & Barrera-García, V.D. (2012). Análisis químico y nutricional de tres insectos comestibles de interés comercial en la zona arqueológica del municipio de San Juan Teotihuacán y en Otumba, Estado de México. Interciencia, 37: 914-920.
Rodríguez-Elizalde, I.J. & Castaño-Meneses, G. (2024). Lista comentada de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Calvillo, Aguascalientes, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 95: 13-25.
Romero-Jiménez, H., Tarango-Arámbula, L.A., Peredo-Rivera, E., Del Rosario-Arellano, J., Olmos-Oropeza, G., Hernández-Roldán, E. & López-Martínez, L.A. (2024). Productive characteristics, nesting substrates, and colonies of the escamolera ant (Liometopum apiculatum M.) in Zacatecas, Mexico. Agro Productividad, 17: 185-195.
Santos-Junior, L.C., Michelutti, K.B., Bernardi, R.C., Silva, E.P., Cardoso, C.A.L. & Junior, W.F.A. (2022). You smell different! Temperature interferes with intracolonial recognition in Odontomachus brunneus. Sociobiology, 69: e6235.
Schultheiss, P., Nooten, S.S., Wang, R., Wong, M.K.L., Brassard, F. & Guénard, B. (2022). The abundance, biomass, and distribution of ants on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119: e2201550119.
Shaffer, M.L. (1981). Minimum population sizes for species conservation. BioScience, 31: 131-134.
Shapley, H. (1920). Thermokinetics of Liometopum apiculatum Mayr. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 6: 204-211.
Shattuck, S.O. (1995). Generic-level relationships within the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology, 20: 217-228.
Soen, Y. (2014). Environmental disruption of host–microbe co-adaptation as a potential driving force in evolution. Frontiers in Genetics, 5: 168.
Van Pelt, A. (1971). Trophobiosis and feeding habits of Liometopum apiculatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Chisos Mountains, Texas. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 64: 1186-1191.
Velasco-Corona, C., Corona-Vargas, M.C. & Peña-Martínez, R. (2007). Liometopum apiculatum (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) y su relación trofobiótica con Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha en Tlaxco, Tlaxcala, México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana, 23: 31-42.
Ward, P.S. (2014). The phylogeny and evolution of ants. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 45: 23-43.
Ward, P.S., Brady, S.G., Fisher, B.L. & Schultz, T.R. (2010). Phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants: Effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference. Systematic Biology, 59: 342-362.
Way, M.J. (1963). Mutualism between ants and honeydew-producing Homoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 8: 307-344.
Welzel, K.F., Lee, S.H., Dossey, A.T., Chauhan, K.R. & Choe, D.-H. (2018). Verification of Argentine ant defensive compounds and their behavioral effects on heterospecific competitors and conspecific nestmates. Scientific Reports, 8: 1477.
Wetterer, J.K. (2010). Worldwide spread of the pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 13: 115-129.
Wheeler, W.M. (1905). The North American ants of the genus Liometopum. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 21: 321-333.
Zavala-Sánchez, J.C., Reyes-Agüero, J.A., Lara-Juárez, P., Lara, P.C., Grajales-Lagunes, A. & Aguirre-Rivera, R. (2024). Effects of eight years of collecting on the persistence of Liometopum apiculatum ant nests in rangelands of Charcas, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Sociobiology, 71: e10082.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mauricio Berumen-Jiménez, Elizabeth A. Martínez-Salazar, Melina Del Real-Monroy, Luis A. Tarango-Arámbula, Rogelio Rosas-Valdez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Sociobiology is a diamond open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
eISSN 2447-8067
