Non-native Ants of the Iberian Peninsula: a 2025 Update
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v73i2.11981Keywords:
biological invasion, invasive species, Iberian Peninsula, Linepithema humile, new recordsAbstract
The Iberian Peninsula has witnessed a dramatic rise in non-native ant species over the past few decades. This study provides a comprehensive and up-to- date checklist of all introduced ants known from the region as of 2025, based on an exhaustive review of more than 600 published records, over 800 expert- verified citizen-science observations from the platform iNaturalist.org, and over 100 new field records contributed by the authors. All data were manually curated and georeferenced, resulting in the most complete database of non- native ants currently available for the region. A total of 40 non-native species are confirmed, nearly quadrupling the number reported in the last regional review from 2001. Among these, 13 are considered invasive, while the status of 16 others remains uncertain. Most species are associated with disturbed, lowland coastal environments, especially in southern Iberia. Together, the provinces of Barcelona, Sevilla, Cádiz, Almería, and Málaga account for just over half of all recorded occurrences. Although published records from Portugal remain scarce, a substantial number of recent observations from the Algarve and Lisbon regions highlight the growing contribution of citizen science in documenting range expansions across the western Iberian coast. Temporal trends show a sharp acceleration in introductions after 2000, with more species recorded in the 2000s and 2010s than in the entire previous century. Species summaries reveal differing levels of establishment success and potential impact, although most remain confined to human-modified environments such as urban gardens, irrigated parks, and coastal developments. For each species, we provide updated distribution maps, ecological notes, and all known Iberian records. Our findings highlight the need for improved surveillance, standardized data reporting, and long-term monitoring to better understand and manage non-native ant introductions in the region.
Downloads
References
Abril, S. & Gómez, C. (2009). Ascertaining key factors behind the coexistence of the native ant species Plagiolepis pygmaea with the invasive Argentine ant Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 53: 559-568.
Acosta, F.J. & Martínez, M.D. (1983). Pheidole teneriffana Forel, 1983, nueva cita para la Península Ibérica. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 7: 320.
Agosti, D. & Collingwood, C.A. (1987). A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with a key to the worker caste. II. Key to the worker caste, including the European species without the Iberian. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 60: 261-293.
Aguirre, A. (1992). Los Aphidoidea de Almería (Insecta, Homoptera). Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Granada, Departamento de Biología Animal y Ecología.
Angulo, E., Caut, S. & Cerdá, X. (2011). Scavenging in Mediterranean ecosystems: effect of the invasive Argentine ant. Biological Invasions, 13: 11831194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-9953-6
Angulo, E., Hoffmann, B.D., Ballesteros-Mejia, L., Taheri, A., Balzani, P., Bang, A., Renault, D., Cordonnier, M., Bellard, C., Diagne, C., Ahmed, D.A., Watari, Y. & Courchamp, F. (2022). Economic costs of invasive alien ants worldwide. Biological Invasions, 24: 2041-2060. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02791-w
Angulo, E., Guénard, B., Balzani, P., Bang, A., Frizzi, F., Masoni, A., Abril, S., Suarez, A.V., Hoffmann, B., Benelli, G., Aonuma, H., Lach, L., Mothapo, P.N., Wossler, T. & Santini, G. (2024). The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile: Natural history, ecology and impact of a successful invader. Entomologia Generalis, 44: 41-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2023/2187
Albert, G. & Arcos, J. (2015). Ants of Serra Gelada Natural Park and interesting records for the ants of Alicante (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Iberomyrmex, 7: 3-6.
Arcos, J. (2021). New records of the exotic black little ant Monomorium carbonarium in the Iberian Peninsula and discovery of the ergatoid queen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Fragmenta Entomologica, 53: 69-74.
Arcos, J. & Alarcón, P. (2024). Confirmed presence of the enigmatic ant Aphaenogaster gemella (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Iberia. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 85: 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00375-9
Arcos, J. & García, F. (2023). Hormigas de la península Ibérica e islas Baleares. Barcelona. 491 pp.
Arcos, J., García, F. & Ortiz de Zugasti, N. (2020). New Iberian records for the wooly ant Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr, 1870 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Iberomyrmex, 12: 12-15.
Arcos, J., Chaves, D., Alarcón, P. & Rosado, Á. (2022). First record of Temnothorax convexus (Forel, 1894) in Portugal (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with an updated checklist of the ants from the country. Sociobiology, 69: e7623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v69i2.7623
Arcos, J., Amorós, E., Rosado, Á. & Alarcón, P. (2025). Beyond urban boundaries: The invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) now reaching Iberian coastal habitats. Contributions to Entomology, 75: 183-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e142567
Astruc, C., Malosse, C. & Errard, C. (2001). Lack of intraspecific aggression in the ant Tetramorium bicarinatum: A chemical hypothesis. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 27: 1229-1248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010324230982
Aulus-Giacosa, L., Ollier, S. & Bertelsmeier, C. (2024). Non-native ants are breaking down biogeographic boundaries and homogenizing community assemblages. Nature Communications, 15: 2266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46359-9
Báthori, F., Herczeg, G., Vilizzi, L., Jégh, T., Kakas, C., Petrovics, M. & Csősz, S. (2024). A survey and risk screening of non-native ant species colonising greenhouses in Hungary. Biological Invasions, 26: 1033-1044. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03227-9
Bénichou, L., Gérard, I., Laureys, É. & Price, M. (2018). Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities (CETAF) best practices in electronic publishing in taxonomy. European Journal of Taxonomy, 475: 1-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.475
Bertelsmeier, C., Avril, A., Blight, O., Confais, A., Diez, L., Jourdan, H., Orivel, J., Saint Germès, N. & Courchamp, F. (2015). Different behavioural strategies among seven highly invasive ant species. Biological Invasions, 17: 2491-2503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-0892-5
Billups, T.R. (1887). Tapinoma melanocephalum, FOR. The Entomologist, 20: 184-185.
Blatrix, R., Colin, T., Wegnez, P., Galkowski, C. & Geniez, P. (2018). Introduced ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of mainland France and Belgium, with a focus on greenhouses. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.), 54: 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2018.1490927
Blight, O., Renucci, M., Tirard, A., Orgeas, J., & Provost, E. (2010). A new colony structure of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) in Southern Europe. Biological Invasions, 12: 1491-1497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-009-9561-x
Blight, O., Thomas, T., Jourdan, H., Bichaton, J.Y., Colindre, L. & Galkowski, C. (2024). Detection and early impacts of France’s first established population of the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata. Biological Invasions, 26: 627-631. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03218-w
Boer, P. (2013). Revision of the European ants of the Aphaenogaster testaceopilosa-group (Hym.: Formicidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 156: 57-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-00002022
Boer, P., Noordijk, J., Heijerman, T., Verhoogt, K. & Van Vugt, R. (2018). De tweekleurige hartknoopmier, Cardiocondyla obscurior, in de Hortus botanicus Leiden (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologische Berichten, 78: 10-15.
Boieiro M., Espadaler, X., Azedo, A.R., Collingwood, C. & Serrano, A.R.M. (2009). One genus and three ant species new to Portugal (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 45: 515-517.
Bolton, B. (1979). The ant tribe Tetramoriini. The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Malagasy region and the New World. Bulletin of the British Museum (Entomology) 38: 129-181.
Bolton, B. (1980). The ant tribe Tetramoriini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The genus Tetramorium Mayr in the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 40: 193-384.
Bolton, B. (1983). The Afrotropical dacetine ants (Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology, 46: 267-416.
Bolton, B. (1987). A review of the Solenopsis genus-group and revision of Afrotropical Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology, 54: 263-452.
Bolton, B. (2000). The ant tribe Dacetini. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 65: 1-1028.
Bolton, B. (2007). Taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus Technomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) based on the worker caste. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 35: 1-150.
Bolton, B. & Fisher, B.L. (2011). Taxonomy of afrotropical and west palaearctic ants of the ponerine genus Hypoponera Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 118: 1-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2843.1.1
Booher, D.B., Gibson, J.C., Liu, C., Longino, J.T., Fisher, B.L., Janda, M., Narula, N., Toulkeridou, E., Mikheyev, A.S., Suarez, A.V. & Economo, E.P. (2021). Functional innovation promotes diversification of form in the evolution of an ultrafast trap-jaw mechanism in ants. PLoS Biology, 19: 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001031
Borowiec, L. & Salata, S. (2019). Next step in the invasion: Trichomyrmex mayri (Forel, 1902) new to the Philippines (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum, Entomology, 28: 1-3.
Borowiec, L. & Salata, S. (2020). Review of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Jordan. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom. Entomology, 29: 1-26.
Borowiec, L. & Salata, S. (2022). A monographic review of ants of Greece (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Vol. 1. Introduction and review of all subfamilies except the subfamily Myrmicinae. Part 1: text. Natural History Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum, 1: 1-775.
Brown, W.L. & Wilson, E.O. (1959). The evolution of the dacetine ants. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 34: 278-294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/402828
Callum, S.K. & Majer, J.D. (2009). Impacts of an incursion of African big-headed ants, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), in urban bushland in Perth, Western Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology, 15: 102-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/PC090102
Casiraghi, A., Espadaler, X., Pérez-Hidalgo, N. & Gómez, K. (2020). Two additions to the Iberian myrmecofauna: Crematogaster inermis Mayr, 1862, a newly established, tree-nesting species, and Trichomyrmex mayri (Forel, 1902), an emerging exotic species temporarily nesting in Spain (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 78: 57-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.78.51858
Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) (2018). Gridded Population of the World (GPW), Version 4. Available from: https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/gpw-v4
Chang, V. & Ota, A.K. (1990). Ant control in Hawaiian drip irrigation systems. In: Vander Meer, R.K., Jaffe, K. & Cedeno, A. (Eds.), Applied myrmecology: A world perspective (pp. 708-715). Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
Chen S., Zhao Y., Lu Y., Rao H. & Xu Y. (2022). First record of the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Chinese mainland. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21: 1825-1829. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(22)63903-0
Cipollone-Pérez, A., Alarcón, P. & Vidal-Cordero, J.M. (2023). Primera cita de la especie alóctona Brachymyrmex patagonicus Mayr, 1868 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) para la provincia de Sevilla (España). Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 33: 190-195.
Collingwood, C.A. (1985). Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, Vol. 7, pp. 230-302.
Collingwood, C. & Prince, A. (1998). A guide to ants of continental Portugal (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia, Suplemento 5: 1-49.
Collingwood, C.A., Tigar, B.J. & Agosti, D. (1997). Introduced ants in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Arid Environments, 37: 505-512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1997.0309
Collingwood, C.A., Pohl, H., Guesten, R., Wranik, W. & Van Harten, A. (2004). The ants (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago. Fauna of Arabia, 20: 473-495.
Comín Del Río, P. (1988). Estudio de los formícidos de Baleares: Contribución al estudio taxonómico, geográfico y biológico. Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, 457 pp.
Cordonnier, M., Blight, O., Angulo, E. & Courchamp, F. (2020). The native ant Lasius niger can limit the access to resources of the invasive Argentine ant. Animals, 10: 2451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122451
Creighton, W.S. & Snelling, R.R. (1974). Notes on the behavior of three species of Cardiocondyla in the United States (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 82: 82–92.
Cremer, S., Ugelvig, L.V., Lommen, S.T.E., Petersen, K.S. & Pedersen, J.S. (2006). Attack of the invasive garden ant: aggression behaviour of Lasius neglectus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) against native Lasius species in Spain. Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 9: 13-19.
Delabie, J.H. & Blard, F. (2002). The tramp ant Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae): New records from the southern hemisphere. Neotropical Entomology, 31: 149-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2002000100020
Demetriou, J., Georgiadis, C., Roy, H., Martinou, A., Borowiec, L., & Salata, S. (2022). One of the world’s worst invasive alien species Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) detected in Cyprus. Sociobiology, 69: e8536-e8536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v69i4.8536
Demetriou, J., Georgiadis, C., Koutsoukos, E., Borowiec, L. & Salata, S. (2023). Alien ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on a quest to conquer Greece: A review including an updated species checklist and guidance for future research. NeoBiota, 86: 81-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.86.98157
Destour, G., Kaufmann, B., Centanni, J., Abdelli, Z., Doums, C., Dumet, A., Gippet, J., Gomel, L., Lucas, A., Tauru, H., Vergnes, A., Blatrix, R. & Javal, M. (2025). Genetic tracing reveals the role of ornamental plant trade in the simultaneous spread of three invasive ant species in Western Europe. Peer Community Journal, 5: e67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24072/pcjournal.577
Deyrup, M.A. (2017). Ants of Florida: Identification and Natural History. CRC Press, 423 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315368023
Deyrup, M. & Deyrup, S. (1999). Notes on the introduced ant Quadristruma emmae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Florida. Entomological News, 110: 13-21.
Deyrup, M., Davis, L. & Cover, S. (2000). Exotic ants in Florida. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 126: 293-325.
Dlussky, G.M. (1994). Zoogeography of southwestern Oceania. In: Puzatchenko, Y.G., Golovatch, S.I., Dlussky, G.M., Diakonov, K.N., Zakharov, A.A. & Korganova, G.A. (Eds.), Animal populations of the islands of southwestern Oceania (ecogeographic studies). Moskva: Nauka, pp. 48-93.
Emery, C. (1893). Voyage de M. Ch. Alluaud aux îles Canaries. Formicides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 62: 81-88.
Espadaler, X. (1979). Citas nuevas o interesantes de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) para España. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 3: 95-101.
Espadaler, X. (1999). Lasius neglectus Van Loon, Boomsma & Andrasfalvy, 1990 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), a potential pest ant in Spain: nota entomológica. Orsis: Organismes i Sistemes, 14: 43-46.
Espadaler, X. (2005). Monomorium destructor, la hormiga de Singapur, detectada y detenida en el puerto de Barcelona (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Orsis: Organismes i Sistemes, 20: 27-32.
Espadaler, X. & Bernal, V. (2003). Exotic ants in the Canary Islands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Vieraea, 31: 1-7.
Espadaler, X. & Bernal, V. (2020). Lasius neglectus – A polygynous, sometimes invasive, ant. CREAF. http://lasius.creaf.cat/ (accessed date: 22 July 2025).
Espadaler, X. & Castillo, A. (2014). Monomorium carbonarium (F. Smith) surviving indoors in NE Spain (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Orsis: Organismes i Sistemes, 28: 149-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/orsis.10
Espadaler, X. & Collingwood, C.A. (2001). Transferred ants in the Iberian Peninsula. Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, 17: 257-263.
Espadaler, X. & Espejo, F. (2002). Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793), a new exotic ant in Spain (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Orsis: Organismes i Sistemes, 17: 101-104.
Espadaler, X. & Fernández, G. (2014). Lepisiota capensis (Mayr, 1862), a new exotic ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in La Gomera (Canary Islands). Iberomyrmex, 6: 5-8.
Espadaler, X. & Lozano, L. (2023). Nylanderia steinheili (Forel, 1893) otra especie exótica, no invasora, en España (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 73: 159-162.
Espadaler, X. & Ortiz de Zugasti, N. (2019). Cardiocondyla obscurior Wheeler, 1929 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Catalonia (NE Spain), with comments on exotic ant species. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural, 83: 153-156.
Espadaler, X. & Pradera, C. (2016). Brachymyrmex patagonicus and Pheidole megacephala, two new exotic ants in Spain (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Iberomyrmex, 8: 4-10.
Espadaler, X. & Ramos, J. (2022). Trichomyrmex mayri (Forel, 1902) nidificando en España (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 32: 117-122.
Espadaler, X. & Rey, S. (2001). Biological constraints and colony founding in the polygynous invasive ant Lasius neglectus. Insectes Sociaux, 48: 159-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00001760
Espadaler, X. & Vila, R. (2025). Pheidole rosae Forel, 1901 crosses the Atlantic: A third exotic Pheidole in Barcelona, Spain (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural, 89: 3-7.
Espadaler, X., Rey, S. & Bernal, V. (2004). Queen number in a supercolony of the invasive garden ant, Lasius neglectus. Insectes Sociaux, 51: 232-238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-003-0732-y
Espadaler, X., Pradera, C. & Santana, J.A. (2018). The first outdoor-nesting population of Wasmannia auropunctata in continental Europe (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Iberomyrmex, 10: 5-7.
Espadaler, X., Pradera, C., Santana, J.A. & Ríos Reyes, A. (2020). Dos nuevas poblaciones europeas de la pequeña hormiga de fuego, Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en Andalucía (España). Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 30: 189-192.
Espadaler, X., Pradera, C. & Vila, R. (2020). Lepisiota melas (Emery), una hormiga exótica más para la península ibérica y dos adiciones a las hormigas de Cataluña (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Iberomyrmex, 12: 16-25.
Espadaler, X., Pradera, C. & Estrada, V. (2024). Segunda cita de la especie exótica Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius, 1793) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en la España peninsular. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 48: 309-312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70186/baeeVLAJ7145
Espadaler, X., Pradera, C. & Martín-Arroyo Camacho, J.J. (2025). Una segunda población para Lepisiota capensis (Mayr, 1862) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en Cádiz (España). Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 35: 000-000.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (2014). Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species. Official Journal of the European Union, L 317: 35-55.
Eyer, P.A., Espinoza, E.M., Blumenfeld, A.J. & Vargo, E.L. (2020). The underdog invader: Breeding system and colony genetic structure of the dark rover ant (Brachymyrmex patagonicus Mayr). Ecology and Evolution, 10: 493-505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5917
Eyer, P.A., Shults, P.T., Chura, M.R., Moran, M.N., Thompson, M.N., Helms, A.M., Saran, R.K. & Vargo, E.L. (2021). Divide and conquer: Multicolonial structure, nestmate recognition, and antagonistic behaviors in dense populations of the invasive ant Brachymyrmex patagonicus. Ecology and Evolution, 11: 4874-4886. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7396
FAO (2018). Invasive ants as a biosecurity threat. http://www.fao.org/publications/card/es/c/I8939EN/
Fisher, B.L. & Bolton, B. (2016). Ants of Africa and Madagascar. A guide to the genera. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520962996
Fischer, G. & Fisher, B.L. (2013). A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidole megacephala. Zootaxa, 3683: 301-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1
Fournier, D., De Biseau, J.C. & Aron, S. (2009). Genetics, behaviour and chemical recognition of the invading ant Pheidole megacephala. Molecular Ecology, 18: 186-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04018.x
Fowler, H.G., Bueno, O.C., Sadatsune, T. & Montelli, A.C. (1993). Ants as potential vectors of pathogens in Brazilian hospitals in the State of São Paulo. Insect Science and its Application, 14: 367-370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400014879
Frumhoff, P.C. & Ward, P.S. (1992). Individual-level selection, colony-level selection, and the association between polygyny and worker monomorphism in ants. The American Naturalist, 139: 559-590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/285344
Galkowski, C. (2008). Quelques fourmis nouvelles ou intéressantes pour la faune de France (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Bordeaux, 143: 423-433.
Giraud, T., Pedersen, J. S. & Keller, L. (2002). Evolution of supercolonies: the Argentine ants of southern Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99: 6075-6079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.092694199
Global Invasive Species Database (2025). Species profile: Linepithema humile. Downloaded from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=127 on 21 July 2025.
Gómez, K. (2017). Two species of exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) new to Malta. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 61: 233-235.
Gómez, K. & Espadaler, X. (2006). Exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Balearic Islands. Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 8: 225-233.
Gómez, C., Pons, P. & Bas, J.M. (2003). Effects of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile on seed dispersal and seedling emergence of Rhamnus alaternus. Ecography, 26: 532-538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03484.x
Gómez, K., Espadaler, X., Martínez-Ferrer, M.T. & Campos-Rivela, J.M. (2024). Monomorium monomorium Bolton, 1987 in Spain (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural, 88: 101-103.
Gray, K.J., Porter, C., Hawkey, P.M., Compton, S.G. & Edwards, J.P. (1995). Roger’s ants: a new pest in hospitals. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 311: 129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.6997.129b
Gruber, M.A., Santoro, D., Cooling, M., Lester, P.J., Hoffmann, B.D., Boser, C. & Lach, L. (2022). A global review of socioeconomic and environmental impacts of ants reveals new insights for risk assessment. Ecological Applications, 32: e2577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2577
Guénard, B., Weiser, M., Gomez, K., Narula, N. & Economo, E.P. (2017). The Global Ant Biodiversity Informatics (GABI) database: a synthesis of ant species geographic distributions. Myrmecological News, 24: 83-89.
Guénard, B. (2018). First record of the emerging global pest Brachymyrmex patagonicus Mayr 1868 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from continental Asia. Asian Myrmecology, 10: 1-6.
Guillem, R. & Bensusan, K. (2008). Technomyrmex vexatus (Santschi, 1919) from Gibraltar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a new ant species for Europe and genus for Iberia. Myrmecological News, 11: 21-23.
Guillem, R. & Bensusan, K. (2019). First record of Technomyrmex vexatus for Spain (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). Iberomyrmex, 11: 16-17.
Guillem, R. & Bensusan, K. (2022). Three new exotic species of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for Madeira, with comments on its myrmecofauna. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 91: 321-333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.91.81624
Guillem, R., Bensusan, K., Torres, J.L. & Perez, C.H. (2009). The genus Pyramica Roger, 1862 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cádiz province (southern Spain), with a description of methods for their capture. Boletín de la Asociación española de Entomología, 33: 461-468.
Hamecha, L., Mairif, M., Taheri, A., Messaoud, Y. & Djetti, T. (2025). A new genus and species from Algeria: the trap-jaw ant Anochetus ghilianii (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica, 23: 63-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32800/amz.2025.23.0063
Heinze, J., Kühnholz, S., Schilder, K. & Hölldobler, B. (1993). Behavior of ergatoid males in the ant, Cardiocondyla nuda. Insectes Sociaux, 40: 273-282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01242363
Heinze, J., Cremer, S., Eckl, N. & Schrempf, E. (2006). Stealthy invaders: the biology of Cardiocondyla tramp ants. Insectes Sociaux, 53: 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-005-0847-4
Hernández-Teixidor, D., Pérez-Delgado, A.J., Suárez, D. & Reyes-López, J. (2020). Six new non-native ants (Formicidae) in the Canary Islands and their possible impacts. Journal of Applied Entomology, 6: 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12751
Heterick, B.E., Casella, J. & Majer, J.D. (2000). Influence of Argentine and coastal brown ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) invasions on ant communities in Perth gardens, Western Australia. Urban Ecosystems, 4: 277-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015703815207
Hita Garcia, F. & Fisher, B.L. (2011). The ant genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region-introduction, definition of species groups, and revision of the T. bicarinatum, T. obesum, T. sericeiventre and T. tosii species groups. Zootaxa, 3039: 1-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3039.1.1
Hoffmann, B.D. (1998). The big-headed ant Pheidole megacephala: a new threat to monsoonal northwestern Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology, 4: 250-255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/PC980250
Hoffmann, B.D., Andersen, A.N. & Hill, G.J. (1999). Impact of an introduced ant on native rainforest invertebrates: Pheidole megacephala in monsoonal Australia. Oecologia, 120: 595-604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00008824
Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. (1990). The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10306-7
Holway, D.A., Lach, L., Suarez, A.V., Tsutsui, N.D. & Case, T.J. (2002). The causes and consequences of ant invasions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33: 181-233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150444
Jackson, D.E. & Châline, N. (2007). Modulation of pheromone trail strength with food quality in Pharaoh’s ant, Monomorium pharaonis. Animal Behaviour, 74: 463-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.11.027
Jameson, G.D. (1932). An experiment to exterminate bugs from infested buildings. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 60: 138-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-60-02-08
Janicki, J., Narula, N., Ziegler, M., Guénard, B. & Economo, E.P. (2016). Visualizing and interacting with large-volume biodiversity data using client-server web-mapping applications: the design and implementation of antmaps.org. Ecological Informatics, 32: 185-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2016.02.006
Jeanson, R., Ratnieks, F.L. & Deneubourg, J.L. (2003). Pheromone trail decay rates on different substrates in the Pharaoh’s ant, Monomorium pharaonis. Physiological Entomology, 28: 192-198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3032.2003.00332.x
Jowers, M.J., Taheri, A. & Reyes-López, J. (2015). The ant Anochetus ghilianii (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), not a Tertiary relict, but an Iberian introduction from North Africa: Evidence from mtDNA analyses. Systematics and Biodiversity, 13: 545-554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1061065
Kallal, B. & LaPolla, J.S. (2012). Monograph of Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the world. Part II: Nylanderia in the Nearctic. Zootaxa, 3508: 1-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3508.1.1
Keefer, T.C. (2016). Biology, diet preferences, and control of the dark rover ant Brachymyrmex patagonicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Texas. Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University.
Klimeš, P. & Okrouhlík, J. (2015). Invasive ant Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a rare guest or increasingly common indoor pest in Europe. European Journal of Entomology, 112: 705-712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2015.089
Lach, L., Volp, T.M., Greenwood, T.A. & Rose, A. (2016). High invasive ant activity drives predation of a native butterfly larva. Biotropica, 48: 146-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12284
LaPolla, J.S., Hawkes, P. G. & Fisher, B. L. (2011). Monograph of Nylanderia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the world, part I: Nylanderia in the Afrotropics. Zootaxa, 3110: 10-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3110.1.2
LaPolla, J.S. & Fisher, B.L. (2014). Then there were five: a reexamination of the ant genus Paratrechina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). ZooKeys, 422: 35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.422.7779
LaPolla, J.S. & Kallal, R.J. (2019). Nylanderia of the world. Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies. Zootaxa, 4658: 401-451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1
Loiseau, A., Kergoat, G. J., Blight, O., Demetriou, J., Espadaler, X., Benoit, L., Calcaterra, L. A, Chifflet, L., Jourdan, H., Menchetti, M., Facon, B. & Foucaud, J. (2025). Newcomers and Old Friends: Long‐Distance and Bridgehead Introductions Both Contribute to the Recent Invasion of the Little Fire Ant in Southern Europe. Diversity and Distributions, 31: e70051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.70051
Longino, J.T. & Fernández, F. (2007). Taxonomic review of the genus Wasmannia (pp. 271-289). In Snelling, R.R., Fisher, B.L. & Ward, P.S. (Eds.), Advances in ant systematics: Homage to E.O. Wilson – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 80: 690 pp.
López-Collar, D., Cabrero-Sañudo, F.J. (2021). Update on the invasion status of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868), in Madrid, a large city in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 85: 161-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.85.65725
López-Collar, D., Cabrero-Sañudo, F.J. & Gil-Tapetado, D. (2024). The urban island: climatic suitability of Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the role of cities in the invasion of the Western Palearctic. Integrative Zoology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12903
Lowe, S., Browne, M., Boudjelas, S. & De Poorter, M. (2000). 100 of the world’s worst invasive species. Aliens, 12: 1-12.
Luna-Santamaría, J., Miralles-Nuñez, A., Sánchez, I. & Vidal-Cordero, J.M. (2022). Nuevos registros de la hormiga exótica
invasora Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille, 1802) (Hym.: Formicidae) en España. Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 32: 126-132.
MacGown, J., Hill, J. & Deyrup, M. (2007). Brachymyrmex patagonicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), an emerging pest species in the Southeastern United States. Florida Entomologist, 90: 457-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[457:BPHFAE]2.0.CO;2
MacGown, J.A., Wetterer, J.K. & Hill, J.G. (2012). Geographic spread of Strumigenys silvestrii (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini). Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews, 5: 213-222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-05031051
Mackay, W.P. (2000). A review of the New World ants of the subgenus Myrafant (genus Leptothorax) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 36: 265-444.
Majer, J.D. & Heterick, B.E. (2015). Invasive ants on the Australian mainland: the other 24 species. Anais XXII Simpósio de Mirmecologia: An International Meeting, Ilhéus, Brazil.
Martínez, M.J. (1992). A new ant introduction for North America: Pheidole tenerifana (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 68: 153-154.
Martínez, J.A.F. & Luque, F.R. (2017). Nueva cita de Lepisiota frauenfeldi Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en la provincia de Almería, España. Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 27: 98-102.
Martínez, E.M.V., Martín, A.S., & Míguez, M.P. (2024). Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Primera cita para la provincia de Asturias (España). Iberomyrmex, 13: 7-9.
Martínez Ibáñez, M.D. & Martínez de Murguía, L. (2011). Cita nueva de la hormiga exótica Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger, 1859) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) en la Península Ibérica y su importancia médica. Heteropterus Revista de Entomología, 11: 157-160.
Martínez Ibáñez, M.D., Tinaut Ranera, J. A., & Ruano Díaz, F. (2007). El género Paratrechina Motschoulsky, 1863, en España (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 31: 93-100.
Medina, M. (1891). Catálogo provisional de las hormigas de Andalucía. Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 20: 95-104.
Menchetti, M., Schifani, E., Gentile, V. & Vila, R. (2022). The worrying arrival of the invasive Asian needle ant Brachyponera chinensis in Europe (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 5115: 146-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5115.1.10
Menchetti, M., Schifani, E., Alicata, A., Cardador, L., Sbrega, E., Toro-Delgado, E. & Vila, R. (2023). The invasive ant Solenopsis invicta is established in Europe. Current Biology, 33: R896-R897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.036
Menchetti, M., Schifani, E., Alicata, A., Cardador, L., Sbrega, E., Toro-Delgado, E. & Vila, R. (2024). Response to Genovesi et al.: Ant biosurveillance should come before invasion. Current Biology, 34: R51-R52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.055
Moreira, D., Morais, V.D., Vieira-da-Motta, O., Campos-Farinha, A.E.C. & Tonhasca, A. (2005). Ants as carriers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals. Neotropical Entomology, 34: 999-1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2005000600017
Moss, A.D., Swallow, J.G. & Greene, M.J. (2022). Always under foot: Tetramorium immigrans, a review. Myrmecological News, 32: 75-92.
Nafus, D.M. (1993). Movement of introduced biological control agents onto nontarget butterflies, Hypolimnas spp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Environmental Entomology, 22: 265-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/22.2.265
Natural Earth (2022). Free vector and raster map data. Available from: https://www.naturalearthdata.com
Naves, M.A. (1985). A monograph of the genus Pheidole in Florida, USA (Hym.: Formicidae). Insecta Mundi, 1: 53-90.
Obregón-Romero, R. & Reyes López, J.L. (2012). Nuevas aportaciones sobre hormigas exóticas para Portugal continental (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 36: 279-284.
Ordóñez-Urbano, C., Reyes-López, J., & Carpintero-Ortega, S. (2008). ¿Una especie alóctona puede ser “rara”? El caso de Pyramica membranifera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 42: 321-323.
Ortiz, F.J. & Tinaut, A. (1988). Formícidos del litoral granadino. Orsis: Organismes i Sistemes, 3: 145-163.
Ortiz-Sepulveda, C.M., Van Bocxlaer, B., Meneses, A.D. & Fernandez, F. (2019). Molecular and morphological recognition of species boundaries in the neglected ant genus Brachymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): toward a taxonomic revision. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 19: 447-542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00406-2
Osborne, L.S., Peña, J.E. & Oi, D.H. (1995). Predation by Tapinoma melanocephalum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on two spotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Florida greenhouses. Florida Entomologist, 78: 565-570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3496041
Paris, C.I. & Espadaler, X. (2009). Honeydew collection by the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus versus the native ant L. grandis. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 3: 75-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-009-9057-8
Pérez-Delgado, A.J., Santos-Perdomo, I., Jiménez-García, E., Lugo, D., & Suárez, D. (2025). Is the spread of Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) through the western Palearctic inevitable? First evidence of presence in the Canary Islands. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 98: 419-433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.98.144997
Pinto, T. (2023). Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae), new to Portugal. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 73: 141-142.
Pradera, C. (2021). Detectada una infestación de Hormiga de Singapur, Trichomyrmex (= Monomorium) destructor (Hym., Formicidae), en interiores en Marbella. https://desinsectador.com/2021/03/07/detectada-una-infestacion-de-hormiga-de-singapur-trichomyrmex-monomorium-destructor-hynenoptera-formicidae-en-interiores-en-marbella/. (accessed: 22 July 2025).
Pradera, C. & Espadaler, X. (2024). Impacto de la hormiga invasora Wasmannia auropunctata en la mirmecofauna local (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), seguimiento del área ocupada y una nueva población en España. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 48: 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70186/baeeZTOI5976
Pradera, C. & Espadaler, X. (2025a). Expansión de la hormiga invasora Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863)(Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en la provincia de Málaga (España). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 49: 155-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70186/baeeRSXX4253
Pradera, C. & Espadaler, X. (2025b). Picaduras producidas por Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger, 1859) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en España. Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 35: 1-9.
Prieto-Lillo, E., Vila, R., Espadaler, X., Delacour, S. & Fernández, G. (2024). Detección de Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille, 1802) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en Valencia (España). Zoolentia, 4: 49-57.
QGIS Development Team (2022). QGIS Geographic Information System. Version 3.22.2. Available from: https://www.qgis.org
Reyes-López, J.L. (2019). Confirmation of the presence of Trichomyrmex (= Monomorium) destructor (Hym., Formicidae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 29: 227-229.
Reyes-López, J.L. & Carpintero, S. (2014). Comparison of the exotic and native ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in urban green areas at inland, coastal and insular sites in Spain. European Journal of Entomology, 111: 421-428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2014.044
Reyes-López, J.L. & Espadaler, X. (2005). Tres nuevas especies foráneas de hormigas para la Península Ibérica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 36: 263-265.
Reyes-López, J. & Obregón, R. (2018). Redescubrimiento de Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) en la ciudad de Córdoba. ¿Refugios tropicales privados? Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 28: 143-144.
Reyes-López, J.L. & Rodríguez-Reyes, M. (2022). An unstoppable process: the first record of Pheidole cfr navigans Forel, 1901 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) for continental Spain (Southern Europe). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 46: 147-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70186/baeeYVFH2901
Reyes-López, J.L. & Taheri, A. (2018). First checklist of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of urban green areas in Cádiz (Andalusia, Spain). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 42: 217–223.
Reyes-López, J.L., Ordoñez-Urbano, C. & Carpintero-Ortega, S. (2008). Relación actualizada de las hormigas alóctonas de Andalucía (Sur de España). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 32: 81-94.
Reyes-López, J.L., Rodríguez-Reyes, M., Marín Herrera, J. & Reyes Fernández, A. (2021). Nuevos registros de la especie alóctona Brachymyrmex patagonicus cfr en Andalucía (España). Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 31: 172-174.
Reyes-López, J.L., Rodríguez-Reyes, M., Andreu, M.G. & Sánchez, R.V. (2024). Nueva cita de Brachymyrmex patagonicus Mayr, 1868 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en la península ibérica: ahora Cádiz (Andalucía, Sur de España). Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 34: 111-116.
Reyes-López, J.L., Rodríguez-Reyes, M. & Alarcón, P. (2025). Una nueva especie de hormiga exótica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) para España y Europa continental: Lepisiota capensis (Mayr, 1862). Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 35: online first.
Rodríguez, A. (1982). Contribución al conocimiento de las hormigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) de Sierra Morena Central. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 5: 181-188.
Roger, J. (1862). Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Ameisenfauna der Mittelmeerländer. II. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 6: 255-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.47918620119
Rosado, Á. (in prep.) Nuevos datos para la mirmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Aragón (NE España).
Rosselli, D. & Wetterer, J.K. (2017). Stings of the ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as cause of punctate corneal lesions in humans and other animals. Journal of Medical Entomology, 54: 1783-1785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx167
Roura-Pascual, N., Suarez, A.V., Gómez, C., Pons, P., Touyama, Y., Wild, A.L. & Peterson, A.T. (2004). Geographical potential of Argentine ants (Linepithema humile Mayr) in the face of global climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 271: 2527-2535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2898
Salata, S., Rutkowski, T. & Borowiec, L. (2018). First record of Nylanderia jaegerskioeldi (Mayr, 1904) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Central Europe. Rocznik Muzeum Górnośląskiego w Bytomiu Przyroda, 24: 1-5.
Salata, S., Georgiadis, C. & Borowiec, L. (2019). Invasive ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Greece and Cyprus. North-Western Journal of Zoology 15: 13–23.
Salata, S., Karaman, C., Kiran, K. & Borowiec, L. (2021). Review of the Aphaenogaster splendida species-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annales Zoologici (Warsaw), 71: 297-343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2021.71.2.008
Sánchez-García, D. & Espadaler, X. (2015). Cardiocondyla obscurior Wheeler, 1929 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en España. Iberomyrmex, 7: 7-9.
Santschi, F. (1925). Fourmis d’Espagne et autres espèces paléartiques. EOS (Revista Española de Entomología), 1: 339-360.
Sarnat, E.M., Fischer, G., Guénard, B. & Economo, E.P. (2015). Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys, 109: 1-109.
Saunders, E. (1888). On a collection of Ants from Gibraltar and Tangier. Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 25: 17.
Schembri, S.P. & Collingwood, C.A. (1981). A revision of the myrmecofauna of the Maltese Islands (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria”, 83: 417-442.
Schifani, E. (2019). Exotic ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) invading Mediterranean Europe: A brief summary over about 200 years of documented introductions. Sociobiology, 66: 198-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i2.4331
Schifani, E. & Alicata, A. (2018). Exploring the myrmecofauna of Sicily: thirty-two new ant species recorded, including six new to Italy and many new aliens (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Polish Journal of Entomology, 87: 323-348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjen-2018-0023
Schifani, E., Gentile, V., Scupola, A. & Espadaler, X. (2018). Yet another alien: a second species of Lepisiota spreading across the Canary Islands, Spain (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Fragmenta Entomologica, 50: 61-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/fe.2018.287
Schifani, E., Alicata, A., Menchetti, M., Borowiec, L., Fisher, B.L., Karaman, C., Kiran, K., Oueslati, W., Salata, S. & Blatrix, R. (2022). Revisiting the morphological species groups of West-Palearctic Aphaenogaster ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) under a phylogenetic perspective: toward an evolutionary classification. Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 80: 627-648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.80.e84428
Schifani, E., Pezzin, A., Castracani, C. & Grasso, D.A. (2024a). First record of the exotic ant Hypoponera ergatandria in Italy: Indoor alate swarms and stinging queens. Sociobiology, 71: e10091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v71i1.10091
Schifani, E., Grunicke, D., Montechiarini, A., Pradera, C., Vila, R. & Menchetti, M. (2024b). Alien ants spreading through Europe: Brachyponera chinensis and Nylanderia vividula in Italy. Biodiversity Data Journal, 12: e123502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.12.e123502
Schifani, E., Giannetto, D. & Vilizzi, L. (2024c). Invasion risk of established and horizon non-native ants in the Mediterranean: A screening for Italy. Insects, 15: 875. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15110875
Schultz, R. & Seifert, B. (2005). Lasius neglectus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) – a widely distributed tramp species in Central Asia. Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 7: 47-50.
Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., Winter, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Celesti-Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Fuentes, N., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kreft, H., Kühn, I., Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A., Mosena, A., Moser, D., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., van Kleunen, M., Walker, K., Weigelt, P., Yamanaka, T. & Essl, F. (2017). No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications, 8: 14435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14435
Seifert, B. (2003a). Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger) and H. schauinslandi (Emery) – two morphologically and biologically distinct species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Görlitz, 75: 61-81.
Seifert, B. (2003b). The ant genus Cardiocondyla (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) – a taxonomic revision of the C. elegans, C. bulgarica, C. batesii, C. nuda, C. shuckardi, C. stambuloffii, C. wroughtonii, C. emeryi, and C. minutior species groups. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. B, Botanik, Zoologie, 104: 203-338.
Seifert, B. (2013). Hypoponera ergatandria (Forel, 1893) – a cosmopolitan tramp species different from H. punctatissima (Roger, 1859) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Soil Organisms, 85: 189-201.
Seifert, B. (2018). The ants of Central and North Europe. Boxberg: Lutra, 407 pp.
Seifert, B. (2020). A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Soil Organisms, 92: 15-86.
Seifert, B. (2024). Lasius frequens n. sp. – a sister species of the supercolonial pest ant Lasius neglectus showing a differing biology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Soil Organisms, 96: 183-194.
Seifert, B. (2025). Treachery pigmentation pattern leads to misidentification: Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius), Tapinoma pygmaeum (Dufour) and Tapinoma jandai sp. nov.(Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Contributions to Entomology, 75: 245-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e154879
Seifert, B. (2025). The Monomorium carbonarium species group in the Nearctic and Europe (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Soil Organisms, 97: 55-84.
Seifert, B., Okita, I. & Heinze, J. (2017). A taxonomic revision of the Cardiocondyla nuda group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 4290: 324-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4290.2.4
Sharaf, M.R., Abdeldayem, M.S., Aldhafer, H. & Aldawood, A.S. (2013). The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Rawdhat Khorim nature preserve, Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species of the genus Tetramorium Mayr. Zootaxa, 3709: 565-580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3709.6.6
Sharaf, M.R., Salman, S., Al Dhafer, H.M., Akbar, S.A., Abdel-Dayem, M.S. & Aldawood, A.S. (2016). Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Trichomyrmex Mayr, 1865 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Arabian Peninsula, with the description of two new species. European Journal of Taxonomy, 246: 1-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.246
Sharaf, M.R., Fisher, B.L., Collingwood, C.A. & Aldawood, A.S. (2017). Ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): zoogeography, distribution and description of a new species. Journal of Natural History, 51: 317-378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1271157
Sharaf, M.R., Al Dhafer, H.M., Aldawood, A.S. & Hita Garcia, F. (2018a). Ants of the Monomorium monomorium species-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Arabian Peninsula with description of a new species from southwestern Saudi Arabia. PeerJ, 6: e4277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4277
Sharaf, M.R., Fisher, B.L., Al Dhafer, H.M., Polaszek, A. & Aldawood, A.S. (2018b). Additions to the ant fauna (Hym.: Formicidae) of Oman: an updated list, new records and a description of two new species. Asian Myrmecology, 9: e010004; 1-38.
Shiran, E., Mossadegh, M.S. & Esfandiari, M. (2013). Mutualistic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with aphids in central and southwestern parts of Iran. Journal of Crop Protection, 2: 1-12.
Smith, M.R. (1965). House-infesting ants of the Eastern United States, Their Recognition, Biology, and Economic Importance. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1326.
Stukalyuk S.V., Radchenko, A.G., Akhmedov, A. & Reshetov, A.A. (2020). Uzbekistan – the alleged native range of the invasive ant Lasius neglectus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): geographical, ecological and biological evidences. Zoodiversity, 54: 111-122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/zoo2020.02.111
Stukalyuk, Stanislav & Akhmedov, Askar & Stelia, Valery & Shymanskyi, Artem & Netsvetov, Maksym. (2022). Nuptial flight in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), 27: 152-179.
Taheri, A. & Reyes-López, J.L. (2018). First checklist of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of urban green areas in Cádiz (Andalusia, Spain). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 42: 217-223.
Tartally, A. (2006). Long term expansion of a supercolony of the invasive garden ant, Lasius neglectus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 9: 21-25.
Tartally, A., Antonova, V., Espadaler, X., Csősz, S. & Czechowski, W. (2016). Collapse of the invasive garden ant, Lasius neglectus, populations in four European countries. Biological Invasions, 18: 3127-3131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1227-x
Terayama, M., Kubota, S. & Eguchi, K. (2014). Encyclopedia of Japanese ants. Asakura Shoten, Tokyo, 278 pp.
Tinaut, A. (2016). Wilhelm Gottlieb Rosenhauer (1813–1881), Maximilien Spinola (1780–1857) y las primeras citas de hormigas de Andalucía (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boletín de la Asociación española de Entomología, 40: 161-174.
Tinaut, A. & Añó, J.L. (2000). Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille, 1802) nueva cita para la Península Ibérica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 24: 253-254.
Tinaut, A. & Pascual, R. (1981). Acantholepis frauenfeldi Myr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Nueva cita para la Península Ibérica. Comunicación a las IV Jornadas de la Asociación Española de Entomología, La Laguna.
Tinaut, A. & Pascual, R. (1986). Confirmación de la presencia de Aphaenogaster splendida (Roger, 1859) en la Península Ibérica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie (n.s.), 3: 189-192.
Tinaut, A., Bensusan, K. & Guillem, R. (2011). Redescription of the queen of Anochetus ghilianii (Spinola, 1851) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 35: 157-167.
Torres, J.A. & Snelling, R.R. (1997). Biogeography of Puerto Rican ants: A non-equilibrium case? Biodiversity and Conservation, 6: 1103-1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018332117719
Trigos-Peral, G. & Reyes-López, J. (2016). Ants as bioindicators for monitoring of urban green in the south of the Iberian Peninsula: proposal of functional groups. Iberomyrmex, 8: 37-38.
Trigos-Peral, G., Gómez, K. & Reyes-López, J.L. (2020). Contribution to the knowledge of the invasive species in Andalusia: First records of exotic ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in Axarquía (Torre del Mar, Málaga, Spain). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Entomología, 44: 239-244.
Trigos-Peral, Gema, Abril, S., Angulo, E. (2021). Behavioral responses to numerical differences when two invasive ants meet: the case of Lasius neglectus and Linepithema humile. Biological Invasions, 23: 935-953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02412-4
Van Loon, A.J., Boomsma, J.J. & Andrasfalvy, A. (1990). A new polygynous Lasius species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from central Europe. I. Description and general biology. Insectes Sociaux, 37: 348-362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02225997
Verdú, J.R., Numa, C. & Galante, E. (2011). Atlas y libro rojo de los invertebrados amenazados de España (especies vulnerables). Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Medio Rural y Marino, Madrid, 433 p.
Vidal-Cordero, J.M. & Trigos-Peral, G. (2024). Primera cita de Nylanderia jaegerskioeldi (Mayr, 1904) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) para Sevilla (Andalucía, España) y actualización de su distribución en la península ibérica. Boletín de la Sociedad Andaluza de Entomología, 34: 129-135.
Wachkoo, A.A., Bharti, H., Akbar, S.A. (2021). Taxonomic review of the ant genus Lepisiota Santschi, 1926 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) from India. Bonn Zoological Bulletin, 70: 227-245.
Wagner, H.C., Arthofer, W., Seifert, B., Muster, C., Steiner, F.M. & Schlick-Steiner, B.C. (2017). Light at the end of the tunnel: Integrative taxonomy delimits cryptic species in the Tetramorium caespitum complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 25: 95-129.
Wetterer J.K. (2008). Worldwide spread of the longhorn crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 11: 137-149.
Wetterer J.K. (2009a). Worldwide spread of the destroyer ant, Monomorium destructor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 12: 97-108.
Wetterer J.K. (2009b). Worldwide spread of the penny ant, Tetramorium bicarinatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 54: 811.
Wetterer J.K. (2010a). Worldwide spread of the pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 13: 115-129.
Wetterer J.K. (2010b). Worldwide spread of the wooly ant, Tetramorium lanuginosum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 13: 81-88.
Wetterer J.K. (2011a). Worldwide spread of Pheidole tenerifana (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Florida Entomologist, 94: 843-847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1653/024.094.0417
Wetterer J.K. (2011b). Worldwide spread of the membraniferous dacetine ant, Strumigenys membranifera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 14: 129-135.
Wetterer J.K. (2012). Worldwide spread of Emery’s sneaking ant, Cardiocondyla emeryi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 17: 13-20.
Wetterer J.K. (2013). Worldwide spread of the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews, 6: 173-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/18749836-06001068
Wetterer J.K. (2015). Geographic origin and spread of cosmopolitan ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Halteres, 6: 66-78.
Wetterer, J.K. & Hita Garcia, F. (2015). Worldwide spread of Tetramorium caldarium (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 21: 93-99.
Wetterer, J.K. & Porter, S.D. (2003). The little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata: distribution, impact, and control. Sociobiology, 42: 1-41.
Wetterer, J.K.; Miller, S.E.; Wheeler, D.E.; Olson, C.A.; Polhemus, D. A.; Pitts, M.; Ashton, I. W.; Himler, A. G.; Yospin, M. M.; Helms, K. R.; Harken, E.L.; Gallaher, J.; Dunning, C.E.; Nelson, M.; Litsinger, J.; Southern, A.; Burgess, T.L. (1999). Ecological dominance by Paratrechina longicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) an invasive tramp ant, in Biosphere 2. Florida Entomologist, 82: 381-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3496865
Wetterer, J.K.; Espadaler, X.; Wetterer, A.L.; Aguin-Pombo, D.; Franquinho-Aguiar, A.M. (2006). Long-term impact of exotic ants on the native ants of Madeira. Ecological Entomology, 31: 358-368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00790.x
Wetterer, J.K., Wild, A.L., Suarez, A.V., Roura-Pascual, N. & Espadaler, X. (2009). Worldwide spread of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Hym.: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 12(8): 187-194.
Wheeler, W.M. (1922). Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45: 1005-1055.
Williams, J.L. & Lucky, A. (2020). Non-native and invasive Nylanderia crazy ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the world: Integrating genomics to enhance taxonomic preparedness. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 113: 318-336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz039
Wilson, E.O. (1967). Ant fauna of Futuna and Wallis Islands stepping stones to Polynesia. Pacific Insects, 9: 563-584.
Wilson, E.O. (2003). Pheidole in the New World: A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wong, M.K., Economo, E.P. & Guénard, B. (2023). The global spread and invasion capacities of alien ants. Current Biology, 33: 566-571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.020
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Javier Arcos, Diego López-Collar, Mattia Menchetti, Matthew T. Hamer, Matvey Logachev, Tomás Pinto, Ángel Rosado
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Sociobiology is a diamond open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
eISSN 2447-8067
